AWS GuardDuty vs Cisco Secure Workload comparison

Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Cisco are both solutions in the Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) category. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is ranked #3 with an average rating of 8.9, while Cisco is ranked #16 with an average rating of 9.5. Amazon Web Services (AWS) holds a 11.3% mindshare in CWPP, compared to Cisco’s 2.2% mindshare. Additionally, 92% of Amazon Web Services (AWS) users are willing to recommend the solution, compared to 100% of Cisco users who would recommend it.

Comparison Buyer's Guide

Download the report

Executive SummaryUpdated on Dec 12, 2024

Cisco Secure Workload and AWS GuardDuty are competitors in the workload security space. AWS GuardDuty appears to have the upper hand due to its advanced threat detection capabilities and overall perceived value.

Features: Cisco Secure Workload is recognized for robust security measures, integration capabilities, and competitive pricing. AWS GuardDuty is favored for advanced threat detection, ease of use, and seamless AWS integration.

Room for Improvement: Cisco Secure Workload requires better scalability, enhanced reporting features, and improved flexibility in its scaling options. AWS GuardDuty needs advancement in integration options, reduction in false positives, and improvement in integration flexibility.

Ease of Deployment and Customer Service: Cisco Secure Workload provides smooth deployment processes and responsive customer support. AWS GuardDuty offers straightforward integration with AWS environments but lacks personalized customer service.

Pricing and ROI: Cisco Secure Workload is noted for competitive pricing and solid ROI. AWS GuardDuty, despite higher costs, is often seen as offering better value through its effective threat detection and capability to deliver strong ROI.

To learn more, read our detailed AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload Report (Updated: April 2026).

Buyer's Guide

AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload

April 2026

Download the complete report

Helped 892,776 peers since 2012

Review summaries and opinions

We asked business professionals to review the solutions they use. Here are some excerpts of what they said:

Categories and Ranking

SentinelOne Singularity Clo...

Mindshare comparison

As of May 2026, in the Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) category, the mindshare of SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is 4.9%, up from 2.8% compared to the previous year. The mindshare of AWS GuardDuty is 11.3%, down from 11.9% compared to the previous year. The mindshare of Cisco Secure Workload is 2.2%, down from 3.1% compared to the previous year. It is calculated based on PeerSpot user engagement data.

Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) Mindshare Distribution
Product	Mindshare (%)
AWS GuardDuty	11.3%
SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security	4.9%
Cisco Secure Workload	2.2%
Other	81.6%

Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP)

Featured Reviews

Sreeraj Mohandas

Security Engineer at HashXpert

Consolidated cloud security has reduced manual work and has automated vulnerability remediation

I elaborate on my rating of SentinelOne support by mentioning that there was some time where the troubleshooting took a longer time. In fact, there were many meetings going on. The availability of the document on the internet is on a lesser side because as an engineer, I would want to know about the troubleshooting aspects of this particular tool. When I am facing a customer, I do not prefer to bring the vendor to every call and try to resolve it, as it takes months and months. It would be better to have a training session with the engineer on site to explain and train properly. This is not the case with SentinelOne, so this is the only thing I have a complaint about. I do not have any other room for improvement to suggest within SentinelOne itself. However, I would really want the AI assistant for the threat hunting part to be more accessible. They have it, but they are making it licensed, so it is a bit on the higher end.

Read full review

ShantanuKhare

Senior IT Auditor at Ernst & Young

Has provided automated threat detection and daily malicious activity insights while supporting seamless orchestration with existing dashboards

I would assess the integration of AWS GuardDuty with Threat Intelligence as majorly positive; no threat intelligence is 100% accurate, and there are a few false positives, but as a security engineer, this must be accepted, and overall, the response and service is good for us. We do not directly use AWS GuardDuty dashboard by itself, as we have our own integrated security dashboard; AWS GuardDuty gives the feed to that dashboard, and it's giving us a satisfactory view of how the security landscape looks. We use metrics such as zero-day threats, any malicious traffic, and any traffic which originates from OFAC countries to measure its effectiveness, as we are majorly into a financial institution, as any traffic that is from a malicious IP or a rogue device. I don't see any significant negative points regarding AWS GuardDuty; it's a good product to have if you're a cloud consumer. I rate AWS GuardDuty nine out of ten overall.

Read full review

Raj Metkar

Director, Head of Networks at MUFG, EMEA

Discover internal application dependencies and create a dependency map

We actively seek improvements in integrating the Infoblox DDI platform with Cisco Secure Workload. This integration allows Cisco Secure Workload to learn about our networks and network tags, providing valuable insights into vulnerabilities related to the operating system and various applications installed on our servers. Recently, Cisco announced a new product called HyperShield, an AI-based autonomous micro-segmentation solution. While Cisco has not stated that HyperShield will replace Cisco Secure Workload, it represents a natural evolution for the company. HyperShield features dynamic policy discovery and enforcement; however, once policies are enforced, they do not change until a discovery occurs, requiring a re-enforcement process. This new platform operates autonomously, minimizing the need for user or security engineer intervention. I would have expected Cisco to incorporate more automatic discovery and enforcement features within the existing Cisco Secure Workload product. Instead of enhancing the current product, they have introduced a new solution. Cisco plans to honor existing Tetration licenses, allowing users to transition to HyperShield without additional costs, reflecting the investment enterprises have already made. From Cisco’s perspective, this represents a natural progression in their product line. While the product name changes, it seems more of a rebranding effort. The enhancements are greater autonomy, improved discovery, and automatic enforcement, which are now being introduced in HyperShield. Cisco Secure Workload offers automatic policy enforcement but cannot adjust policies dynamically as the application needs to change. Having used the platform for the past five years, the recent announcement has been reassuring. Cisco has confirmed that our investment in the platform will not go to waste. They will honor our existing licenses, providing a natural migration path to the new solution without any disruption

Read full review

Quotes from Members

We asked business professionals to review the solutions they use. Here are some excerpts of what they said:

Pros

"The most valuable feature of SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is its integration with most of our technology stack, specifically all of our cloud platforms and ticketing software."

"SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security has improved our security posture."

"I can say it is one of the best user interfaces I have used, and it is very user-friendly."

"We use the infrastructure as code scanning, which is good."

"The dashboard gives me an overview of all the things happening in the product, making it one of the tool's best features."

"I recommend SentinelOne due to its high-security capabilities, which are essential to safeguard data and systems from potential threats."

"SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security stands out for its user-friendly interface and intuitive software, making it easy to navigate and use."

"It is fairly simple. Anybody can use it."

More SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security pros

"We use the tool for threat detection. AWS includes AI features as well. AWS GuardDuty gives us reports."

"AWS GuardDuty integrates seamlessly with third-party tools in our existing ecosystem, and we did not experience any challenges with integration."

"One of the advantages of cloud services is the ability to use them on demand. There's minimal installation involved; you can check the latest offerings and make new deployments while dismantling the previous ones. This approach keeps you ahead of potential services, showcasing the agility of AWS."

"It helps us detect brute-force attacks based on machine learning."

"We generally use AWS GuardDuty for detection of zero-day vulnerabilities and automatic threat responses; it serves as a SOAR, an orchestrated and automated response solution for us in the AWS platform."

"The way it monitors accounts is definitely a very important feature."

"What we found most valuable in Amazon GuardDuty is its threat detection feature, especially because we were monitoring a huge number of AWS accounts, so we needed a solution that would monitor for any kind of malicious activity. The monitoring aspect of the solution was great because it gave us timely notifications if and when anything happened, and Amazon GuardDuty helped keep us on our toes to make sure we took action right away."

More AWS GuardDuty pros

"Instead of proving that all the access control lists are in place and all the EPGs are correct, we can just point the auditor to a dashboard and point out that there aren't any escaped conversations."

"The scalability of Cisco Tetration is very good."

"The only use case I can see that makes sense is micro-segmentation. I think there are other use cases for it. The main purpose of the product is to do micro-segmentation by collecting IP. That could be done by installing an agent, and then you have all the communication coming in and out. You could also use some flow sensors installed in the network that receive a copy of the traffic and then report that back to the system."

"Scalability is its most valuable feature."

"This product does everything that you need it to do and more and does a lot to provide visibility in a network environment, save time and money, and make the organization IT operate in a much more streamlined fashion."

"The solution is very user-friendly, which clients appreciate."

"Secure Workload's best feature is that it's an end-to-end offering from Cisco."

More Cisco Secure Workload pros

Cons

"I want SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security to integrate additional third-party resources. For example, SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is compatible with Azure and AWS, but Azure AD isn't integrated with AWS. If SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security had that ability, it would enrich the data because how users interact with our AWS environment is crucial. All the identity-related features require improvement."

"The resolution suggestions could be better, and the compliance features could be more customizable for Indian regulations. Overall, the compliance aspects are good. It gives us a comprehensive list, and its feedback is enough to bring us into compliance with regulations, but it doesn't give us the specific objects."

"The area of improvement is the cost, which is high compared to other traditional endpoint protections."

"SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is an excellent CSPM tool, but its CWPP features need improvement, and there is scope for more application security posture management features."

"The SentinelOne customer support needs improvement, as they are sometimes late in responding, which is critical in a production issue."

"It is not a criticism of the tool per se, but anything to help non-development resources understand some of the complexities of the cloud is always appreciated. Any additional educational resources are always helpful for security teams, especially those without a development background."

"The documentation that I use for the initial setup can be more detailed or written in a more user-friendly language to avoid troubles."

"For SentinelOne, improvements could be made in managing Internet dependency as cloud-based operations can pose challenges in environments with limited connectivity."

More SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security cons

"I would like to see more integration with other AWS provided services."

"For the next release, they could provide IPS features as well."

"Amazon GuardDuty could be better enriched in threat intelligence data."

"An improvement would be to have a mobile version where remote workers can log in and monitor and fix issues."

"It is evolving, and at the moment, I will just need it on a larger scale. Then, it will satisfy my demand, initially."

"I think that some detections in container environments such as container runtime, and on services such as AWS container service, Fargate service or EKS service could be improved."

"For me, I would say just the presentation of findings, like the dashboards and other stuff, could be improved a bit."

"It would be great if the solution had some automation capabilities."

More AWS GuardDuty cons

"Cisco Tetration needs more flags and system alerts that we should get with network capture."

"The product should be easy to use, but it is not. Comparing it to other products, it was very complex."

"It has an uninviting interface."

"The product must be integrated with the cloud."

"There's room for improvement when it comes to Cisco Secure Workload. A couple of internal areas could be refined a little bit. They are trying to solve it, depending on where you suppose the agent is. Suppose you have the agent on both the server and the client, which could be the front-end server or web server connecting to the. In that case, if those two are communicating on RPC, the server can look into its configuration. It could go down and find the configuration file on the FTP server and then set the policies to it. But there are a lot of different FTP servers out there. It's also a complex case for the tool to support all FTP servers."

"The multi-tenancy, redundancy, backup and restore functionalities, as well as the monitoring aspects of the solution, need improvement. The solution offers virtually no enterprise-grade possibility for monitoring."

"The scalability of this solution needs to be improved."

"There is some overlap between Cisco Tetration and AppDynamics and there are few DC tools, it would be great to have a single pane of glass, rather than have to jump between different tools."

More Cisco Secure Workload cons

Pricing and Cost Advice

"PingSafe's pricing is good because it provides us with a solution."

"PingSafe is not very expensive compared to Prisma Cloud, but it's also not that cheap. However, because of its features, it makes sense to us as a company. It's fairly priced."

"PingSafe is affordable."

"The pricing is somewhat high compared to other market tools."

"For pricing, it currently seems to be in line with market rates."

"As a partner, we receive a discount on the licenses."

"It's not cheap, but it is worth the price."

"Pricing is based on modules, which was ideal for us."

More SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security pricing and cost advice

"On a scale of one to ten, where one is a high price, and ten is a low price, I rate the pricing a four or five, which is somewhere in the middle."

"The price of the solution is exactly right."

"I prefer to have something on demand for myself. That's why I haven't been paying for GuardDuty specifically. AWS provides a wide range of offerings, especially in the security area."

"I don't have all the details in terms of licensing for Amazon GuardDuty, but my organization does have a license set up for it."

"The tool's licensing model is pay-as-you-go."

"In terms of the costs associated with Amazon GuardDuty, it was $1 per GB from what I recall. Pricing was based on per gigabyte. For example, for the first five hundred gigabytes per month, it'll be $1 per GB, so it'll be $500. If your usage was greater, there's another bracket, for example, the next two thousand GB, then there's an add-on cost of 50 cents per GB. That's how Amazon GuardDuty pricing slowly goes up. I can't remember if there was any kind of additional cost apart from standard licensing for the solution. Nothing else that at least comes to mind. What the service was charging was worth it. That was one good thing when using Amazon GuardDuty because my company could be in a certain tier for a certain period. My company wasn't under a licensing model where it could overestimate its usage and under-utilize its usage and pay much more. This was what made the pricing model for Amazon GuardDuty better."

"We use a pay-as-you-use license, which is competitively priced in the market."

"80 percent of the customers are using AWS GuardDuty, and we recommend it due to its low cost, especially for small customers, ranging from five to ten dollars a month. In our policies, we enforce the usage of this service, making it a recommended practice for security."

More AWS GuardDuty pricing and cost advice

"Regarding price, Cisco Secure Workload can be expensive if you don't have a budget. If you're not doing micro-segmentation, every extra security measure or enforcement you're putting on top of your existing environment will be an extra cost. It's not a cheap solution at all. But from my point of view, if you need to do micro-segmentation, this is one of the best tools I've seen for it. I can't compare that to Microsoft's solution because I haven't looked into it. I've looked into VMware and Cisco. Those are the only two that I know of. I didn't know that Microsoft could do micro-segmentation at all. Maybe they can, but I haven't heard anything about it."

"The pricing is a bit higher than we anticipated."

"The cost for the hardware is around 300k."

"The price is outrageous. If you have money to throw at the product, then do it."

"The price is based on how many computers you're going to install it on."

"Pricing depends on the scope of the application and the features. Larger installations save more."

"It is not cheap and pricing may limit scalability."

See which vendors are best for you

Use our free recommendation engine to learn which Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) solutions are best for your needs.

See recommendations

892,776 professionals have used our research since 2012.

Top Industries

By visitors reading reviews

Financial Services Firm

14%

Computer Software Company

11%

Manufacturing Company

Government

Financial Services Firm

13%

Computer Software Company

10%

Manufacturing Company

Government

Manufacturing Company

13%

Financial Services Firm

10%

Government

Computer Software Company

Company Size

By reviewers

Large Enterprise

Midsize Enterprise

Small Business

By reviewers
Company Size	Count
Small Business	52
Midsize Enterprise	23
Large Enterprise	58

By reviewers
Company Size	Count
Small Business	8
Midsize Enterprise	3
Large Enterprise	15

By reviewers
Company Size	Count
Small Business	5
Midsize Enterprise	3
Large Enterprise	8

Questions from the Community

What do you like most about PingSafe?

The dashboard gives me an overview of all the things happening in the product, making it one of the tool's best featu...

See all answers

What is your experience regarding pricing and costs for PingSafe?

My experience with the pricing, setup costs, and licensing of SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is that the pric...

See all answers

What needs improvement with PingSafe?

Integration could be improved because not all solutions can be integrated with SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security...

See all answers

What is your experience regarding pricing and costs for Amazon GuardDuty?

AWS GuardDuty is an expensive feature, and while you can't expect the price to be low, it can be lower because it's p...

See all answers

What needs improvement with Amazon GuardDuty?

AWS GuardDuty is a good product; it's doing its job right now, and I don't see any additional improvements needed. Co...

See all answers

What is your primary use case for Amazon GuardDuty?

We generally use AWS GuardDuty for detection of zero-day vulnerabilities and automatic threat responses; it serves as...

See all answers

What is your experience regarding pricing and costs for Cisco Secure Workload?

CloudStrike offers antivirus capabilities and firewall features for servers and VDI but lacks automatic policy discov...

See all answers

What needs improvement with Cisco Secure Workload?

We actively seek improvements in integrating the Infoblox DDI platform with Cisco Secure Workload. This integration a...

See all answers

What is your primary use case for Cisco Secure Workload?

When we onboarded Cisco Secure Workload, the usual use case was to discover internal application dependencies and cre...

See all answers

Comparisons

Wiz vs SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

Compared 8% of the time

Prisma Cloud by Palo Alto Networks vs SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

Compared 7% of the time

Microsoft Defender for Cloud vs SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

Compared 6% of the time

CrowdStrike Falcon Cloud Security vs SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

Compared 5% of the time

Microsoft Defender Vulnerability Management vs SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

Compared 3% of the time

More SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security Competitors

Microsoft Defender for Cloud vs AWS GuardDuty

Compared 68% of the time

Prisma Cloud by Palo Alto Networks vs AWS GuardDuty

Compared 4% of the time

CrowdStrike Falcon Cloud Security vs AWS GuardDuty

Compared 4% of the time

Wiz vs AWS GuardDuty

Compared 4% of the time

TrendAI Vision One – Cloud Security vs AWS GuardDuty

Compared 3% of the time

More AWS GuardDuty Competitors

Illumio vs Cisco Secure Workload

Compared 15% of the time

Akamai Guardicore Segmentation vs Cisco Secure Workload

Compared 14% of the time

VMware NSX vs Cisco Secure Workload

Compared 9% of the time

Cisco Hypershield vs Cisco Secure Workload

Compared 7% of the time

TrendAI Deep Security vs Cisco Secure Workload

Compared 6% of the time

More Cisco Secure Workload Competitors

Product Reports

Buyer's Guide

SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security

April 2026

SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security report

Download SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security product report

Buyer's Guide

AWS GuardDuty

May 2026

Download AWS GuardDuty product report

Buyer's Guide

Cisco Secure Workload

May 2026

Download Cisco Secure Workload product report

Also Known As

PingSafe

No data available

Cisco Tetration

Overview

SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security offers a streamlined approach to cloud security with intuitive operation and strong integration capabilities for heightened threat detection and remediation efficiency.

Singularity Cloud Security stands out for its real-time detection and response, effectively minimizing detection and remediation timelines. Its automated remediation integrates smoothly with third-party tools enhancing operational efficiency. The comprehensive console ensures visibility and support for forensic investigations. Seamless platform integration and robust support for innovation are notable advantages. Areas for development include improved search functionality, affordability, better firewall capabilities for remote users, stable agents, comprehensive reporting, and efficient third-party integrations. Clarity in the interface, responsive support, and real-time alerting need enhancement, with a call for more automation and customization. Better scalability and cost-effective integration without compromising capabilities are desired.

What are SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security's standout features?

Ease of Use: Intuitive operation simplifies navigation across platforms.
Real-Time Detection: Quick identification and response to threats.
Automated Remediation: Streamlines recovery processes with integration capabilities.
Forensic Visibility: Aids in thorough threat analysis and prevention strategies.
Comprehensive Console: Offers full visibility and historical data tracking.
Platform Integration: Supports seamless operation across cloud and hybrid environments.

What benefits should users expect from SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security?

Enhanced Efficiency: Automation and third-party integration improve threat response.
Improved Detection: Reduces mean time to detect and respond to threats.
Operational Support: Comprehensive visibility and forensic tools aid operational decisions.
Cost Efficiency: Affordable integration with scaling capabilities without high overhead.

SentinelOne Singularity Cloud Security is deployed in industries needing robust cloud security posture management, endpoint protection, and threat hunting. Utilized frequently across AWS and Azure, it assists in monitoring, threat detection, and maintaining compliance in diverse environments while providing real-time alerts and recommendations for proactive threat management.

SentinelOne

AWS GuardDuty is a security service providing threat detection and continuous monitoring, integrating seamlessly with AWS services and third-party tools. Enhanced by machine learning, it offers comprehensive protection against unauthorized access and malicious activity within AWS environments.

GuardDuty offers behavior analysis and automated responses, utilizing multiple data sources like CloudTrail and VPC Flow Logs for thorough threat analysis. Its scalability and cost-effectiveness simplify the process of identifying suspicious activities, thereby protecting AWS environments from security threats. While users appreciate these features, there's room for improvement in expanded integrations, a more intuitive dashboard, and detailed threat intelligence. Key capabilities include facilitating compliance and enhancing cloud security by monitoring accounts, services, and detecting unusual patterns in real-time.

What are the key features of AWS GuardDuty?

Threat Detection: Identifies potential threats using behavior analysis and anomaly detection.
Continuous Monitoring: Provides round-the-clock surveillance of AWS environments.
Integration: Connects with AWS services and third-party tools for extended functionality.
Automated Responses: Facilitates immediate action against detected threats.

What benefits and ROI should users expect from AWS GuardDuty reviews?

Cost-Effectiveness: Offers scalable solutions without significant overhead costs.
Ease of Use: Simplifies threat detection and monitoring processes.
Scalability: Adapts to growing security needs efficiently.
Comprehensive Security: Protects AWS environments from unauthorized access and malicious activities.

Industries utilize AWS GuardDuty for robust security management, detecting threats and analyzing potential risks within AWS environments. This is crucial for sectors needing strict compliance and security, such as finance and healthcare, enabling these sectors to respond effectively to security events and maintain integrity.

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Cisco Secure Workload offers advanced auditing, micro-segmentation, and network visibility, automating policy presentation for improved security. It enhances application dependency mapping and provides comprehensive telemetry with strategic policy enforcement.

Cisco Secure Workload specializes in automating micro-segmentation, data center management, and traffic analysis. Its capabilities facilitate application dependency mapping and enhance internal micro-segmentation, providing invaluable network visibility. Users find its automation in policy presentation and strategic enforcement beneficial, along with granular control and scalability, despite needing improvements in scalability and integration capabilities. Enhanced notification features, troubleshooting options, and an efficient interface are desired for seamless deployment, along with stronger multi-tenancy, redundancy, and monitoring functions. Broader platform support and integrated cloud connectivity are desired for unified management across tools.

What are the most important features?

Auditing: Provides in-depth network analysis and security auditing capabilities.
Micro-Segmentation: Enhances network security by automating segmentation at a granular level.
Application Dependency Mapping: Visualizes connections and interactions between applications.
Network Visibility: Delivers comprehensive insight into network activities and dynamics.
Policy Discovery: Streamlines policy creation through automation and reduces manual intervention.
Comprehensive Telemetry: Offers complete coverage and insights for better security assessment.

What benefits and ROI should be evaluated?

Enhanced Security Measures: Offers robust features for network security improvement.
Automated Processes: Reduces manual efforts through automation, increasing efficiency.
Scalability: Adapts to growing network demands with flexible scalability options.
Granular Control: Allows detailed control over network policies and enforcement.

Entities in finance, gas, and oil sectors utilize Cisco Secure Workload for networking site management and compliance maintenance. It integrates into extensive Cisco infrastructure, aiding routers, switches, and endpoints, thus supporting auditors in network synchronization and auditing needs.

Cisco

Sample Customers

Information Not Available

autodesk, mapbox, fico, webroot

ADP, University of North Carolina Charlotte (UNCC)

Buyer's Guide

AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload

April 2026

Free Report: AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload

Find out what your peers are saying about AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload and other solutions. Updated: April 2026.

DOWNLOAD NOW

892,776 professionals have used our research since 2012.

See our AWS GuardDuty vs. Cisco Secure Workload report.

See our list of best Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) vendors.

We monitor all Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) reviews to prevent fraudulent reviews and keep review quality high. We do not post reviews by company employees or direct competitors. We validate each review for authenticity via cross-reference with LinkedIn, and personal follow-up with the reviewer when necessary.